In 2019, a survey by AEROSAN Sustainable Sanitation, revealed that the Kathmandu Valley, had only 58 public toilets. This statistic meant that each public toilet had to serve more than 68 thousand users (out of 4 million population), far below the standard set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Fast forward to 2024, toilets have seen slight improvement – in terms of number and the kinds of facilities available –  thanks to increased awareness about the importance of public toilets within the public, increased engagement by local authorities, and expert help including technology transfer from non-governmental organisations.

Sanitation, along with food, shelter, and clothing, is a fundamental human need. Improved public toilet facilities have a profound impact on the health and hygiene of the population, contribute to social and psychological well-being, and foster economic and environmental growth. Additionally, better sanitation infrastructure can stimulate business development and boost tourism, ultimately enhancing the overall well-being of the community.

The history of toilets in Nepal can be traced back to the era of Pratap Malla, with the first known toilet remnants found in Hanuman Dhoka. From early family-use facilities to modern public toilets, the evolution of sanitation in Nepal reflects significant improvements. Recent developments, such as the newly inaugurated public toilet in Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, illustrate this progress.

A public toilet in Lalitpur, equipped with a shower room, began operations on May 9^th expected to cater approximately 800 users per day as per WaterAid Nepal. This facility has transformed the traditional image of public restrooms in Nepal. It is designed to be accessible and inclusive, catering to people with disabilities, women, children, and senior citizens. It also provides sanitary pads and a separate area for breastfeeding. Similar modern public toilets have been constructed in Mangal Bazar, Patandhoka, and Jawalakhel in Lalitpur Metropolitan City (LMC).

The users have argued that this toilet built in Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, offers a different and better experience. Pratik Pun, originally from Rolpa and residing in Kathmandu, also told Aawaaj News that he had never used such a well-equipped and clean public toilet before

He said, “It is a very new system. The toilet is not dirty; it is much cleaner and more attractive. The fees are also very cheap, i.e only 10 rupees. It feels very new and different from other toilets.” He added, “I had never used such a toilet until today.”

While using this toilet, he said that he had the best experience of using a public toilet to date and suggested that such toilets should be built elsewhere.

Rejiya Deula, the custodian of the toilet and an Aerosan staff member, says that public toilets should be clean, as they are considered symbols of the civilization of any place. She said that the toilet received a good response within one to two weeks of its operation.

“More that 30-35 people use it a day. From the point of view of the facilities, everyone has given feedback that the cleanliness is very good, while the users have noted that the fees are cheap considering the facilities,” Deula told Aawaaj News.

Aawaaj News also conducted a survey in September, revealing diverse types of public toilets and users’ opinions. The growing awareness of sanitation and hygiene is evident. Many respondents emphasized the need for more public toilets, strategically placed along long routes to ensure comfort for travelers. They also stressed the importance of maintaining existing facilities. Most agreed that a small fee would be acceptable if it ensured clean and well-equipped restrooms.

While strides have been made in improving public sanitation facilities, there is still much work to be done. The recent advancements in public toilet infrastructure, demonstrate a positive shift towards more accessible, hygienic, and inclusive sanitation solutions. The example set by these improved facilities highlights the significant benefits of improved public toilets, not only for health and hygiene but also for social, psychological, and economic well-being.

Improved public toilet facilities contribute to better hygiene and benefit local businesses, society, and overall environmental and social aspects of the community and country as a whole. Eco-friendly designs in modern toilets conserve water and reduce pollution by utilising sustainable practices like solar power and rainwater harvesting. Access to clean, safe restrooms enhances dignity and well-being, especially for women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, supporting women’s health and participation in public life.